References to Books and ArticlesIf you are undertaking a piece of academic writing, you will need to provide references for any source that you quote or refer to. If you are not writing for academic purposes, you should still acknowledge in the text the sources of your material, but you can do this simply and generally, in the form such as "As R. T. Jones says in his book George Eliot …" or "… to quote Bea Smith's article in the New York Times …"One simple and widely used system of reference is called the author-date system. As the name suggests, the system is based on the surname(s) of the author(s) and the work's date of publication. Under this system, when you refer to or quote from an author, you should include the surname and date in parentheses at some convenient point in the sentence, most often immediately following the quoted words or referenced thoughts, ideas, theses, and so on. You should also include a page number if you are making a direct quotation. Here are some examples: "Some authors insist the origins of the problem are genetic (Jones 1989; Smith 2003), others deny this (Henry 2004; Rasmussen 1996)" or "We may agree that 'Shakespeare got it wrong' (Bacon 1995, 37)." Note that, where more than one work or author is referred to, the reference data are separated by a semicolon, and the names are listed in alphabetical order or in chronological order according to date. The second reference in the first example sentence above could therefore be given as "(Rasmussen 1996; Henry 2004)." Either style is possible, but you should consistently follow one or the other.The titles of books, whether referred to in the text or listed in a bibliography, should be in italics: Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens. The titles of articles in journals and newspapers should be shown in quotation marks; the names of the publications in which the articles appear should be shown in italics: "The Queen and the Workers" by A. Beille in Beekeeper's Quarterly.At the end of your piece you will need to provide a list of all the works that you have referred to in the text and that you have used in your research; they should be listed alphabetically by surname(s) of the author(s). This reference list may be called a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited. It is advisable, as was recommended earlier, to make a note of the details that you will need for your references while you are doing your research.When you list a book, you need to provide its title, the name(s) of the author(s), the publisher's name, and the place and date of publication. You list these details in the following order: author's surname, author's given name(s) or initials, title, place of publication, publisher's name, date of publication. Below is an example.Biene, D. The Making of Honey. Cambridge, Mass.: Hive Press, 1996. An alternative style lists the date of publication before the title:Biene, D. 1996. The Making of Honey. Cambridge, Mass.: Hive Press. When you list a journal article, you follow roughly the same procedure, but you must give the volume and issue numbers of the journal, as well as the page number. (These will usually be shown on the front cover and the title page).Beille, A. "The Queen and the Workers." Beekeeper's Quarterly 72, no. 4 (2001): 22–23. orBeille, A. 2001. The Queen and the Workers. Beekeeper's Quarterly 72, 4: 22–23. Note that there are no quotation marks around the title when it appears in the second type of reference list.If the work you refer to happens to be part of a volume to which several authors have contributed, show it as follows:Smoker, A. "Drones." In Bees for Beginners. Edited by James B. Combe. New York: Cider Press, 1999. orSmoker, A. 1999. Drones. In Bees for Beginners, edited by James B. Combe. New York: Cider Press. If the work has more than one author, show the first author's surname followed by his or her given name or initials. The following author's or authors' names should appear in the normal order of given names, then surname.Combe, James B., D. Biene, and Julia Van Bij. The Uses of Beeswax. Los Angeles: Politz and Drung, 1987. orCombe, James B., D. Biene, and Julia Van Bij. 1987. The Uses of Beeswax. Los Angeles: Politz and Drung. If a person is the editor of a book rather than its author, the abbreviation ed. should come immediately after the name. If more than one work by the same author(s) is cited then a long (3-em) dash may be used to avoid repeating the name, also for works where that author's name is first in a list of coauthors.Your reference list should cite the authors' names in alphabetical order. Multiple works by the same author can be listed in order of their date of publication or in alphabetical order by title of publication. All works produced by an author as an individual are listed before any works where his or her name is followed by the names of coauthors. Oftentimes all original works by an author are listed before any that he or she may have edited or translated, followed by any that were prepared with coauthors. Following are two examples of a bibliographical list:Beille, A. "The Queen and the Workers." Beekeeper's Quarterly 72, no. 4 (2001): 22–23. Biene, D. The Making of Honey. Cambridge, Mass.: Hive Press, 1996. Combe, James B. Telling the Bees. New York: Cider Press, 2002. ———, ed. Bees for Beginners. New York: Cider Press, 1999. Combe, James B., D. Biene, and Julia Van Bij. The Uses of Beeswax. Los Angeles: Politz and Drung, 1987. Smoker, A. "Drones." In Bees for Beginners. Edited by James B. Combe. New York: Cider Press, 1999. Van Bij, Julia, and A. Smoker. "The Nutritional Value of Royal Jelly." Apiarist Magazine 1, no. 2 (1993): 5–7. Beille, A. 2001. The Queen and the Workers. Beekeeper's Quarterly 72, 4: 22–23. Biene, D. 1996. The Making of Honey. Cambridge, Mass.: Hive Press. Combe, James B., ed. 1999. Bees for Beginners. New York: Cider Press. ———. 2002. Telling the Bees. New York: Cider Press. ———, D. Biene, and Julia Van Bij. 1987. The Uses of Beeswax. Los Angeles: Politz and Drung. Smoker, A. 1999. Drones. In Bees for Beginners, edited by James B. Combe. New York: Cider Press. Van Bij, Julia, and A. Smoker. 1993. The Nutritional Value of Royal Jelly. Apiarist Magazine 1, 2: 5–7. Referencing is a large subject. Your publisher or your instructor or school may have a special way of presenting references, which you obviously should follow. Either of the above styles should serve most purposes when no other instructions are given. For a more detailed account of the subject, including more obscure and special cases, consult The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).References to Internet SourcesEach Internet source quoted or referenced to in your text should also be included in your bibliography. Citations should include the complete name of the author, the title of the work (article or paper or Web page), the name of the online source (publication, news service, organization, Web site, etc.), the URL of the Web document, and the date the document was posted or last updated or the date you downloaded it. If the source is an e-zine or is transcribed from a serial publication, such as a newspaper or magazine, use the date it was posted. If the document is a company, organization, or personal Web page that is continually revised and updated, indicate when it was last updated. If such information is unavailable, record the date on which you downloaded the page. Following are some examples:Dereksen, Wilfried. "Elections in Venezuela." Electoral Web Sites. Available online. URL: http://www.agora.stm.it/elections/election/venezuel.htm. Updated on April 13, 1998. Fulford, Pam. "8 Million People Can't Be Wrong." Beauty Net: The Virtual Salon for Beauty, Wellness and Style. Available online. URL: http://www.beautynet.com/ViewStories.html?Id=581&category=Skin%Zocare. Downloaded on December 29, 2004. Glaister, Dan. "Landmark Hollywood Hotel to Become a School." The Guardian. Guardian Unlimited. Available online URL: http//www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1305566,00.html. Posted on September 16, 2004. Make a careful note of the punctuation. Italics are unnecessary for Web site names unless the Web document appears in an online publication such as the New York Times or Science News.
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